Tikopia

• Traditional Culture (1922)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Firth 1970: 30
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Firth 1991: 324
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	133.5	Firth 1936: 20; 2014
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	2207	Calculator 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	168.8	2014; Firth 1991: 324
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-12.3	2014; Firth 1991: 324

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Firth 1991: 324

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Firth 1991: 324
    Maximum elevation (meters)	350	Firth 1991: 324
    Island Size (km²)	4.6	Firth 1991: 324

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1100	Firth 1959: 53
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Firth 1991: 325
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Firth 1991: 325
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Firth 1959: 205
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Firth 1991: 325
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Hawaiian	Firth 1991: 325
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Firth 1959: 53, 255-260
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Firth 1959: 255-260

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Firth 1959: 336
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Firth 1936: 414-415; Firth 1961: 160
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Firth 1961

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Firth 1939: 78-84

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Firth 1939: 32, 60-61
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Firth 1939: 32, 60-61
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Firth 1939: 32-77
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Firth 1939: 32, 60-61
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Firth 1939: 32, 64-65

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Firth 1939: 32-77
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Firth 1939: 32, 61-63
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Firth 1939: 32, 61-63

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Firth 1939: 47, 279-351

• Post Contact History (1922-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Firth 1970: 304-331
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Firth 1970: 304-406
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Firth 1991: 326
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.)	Firth 1970: 305-306

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Firth 1970: 305-406

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Macdonald 2000: 112; Blake et al. 1983
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	Treadaway 2007: 154, 163
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Treadaway 2007: 151
    Foreign government systems	Present, but of low importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period, the culture was subject to a foreign government system, but this government system never controlled most important decisions.)	Yates 2004; Firth 1991: 324

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)	Yates 2004
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Yates 2004

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)	Yates 2004
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Yates 2004
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Yates 2004

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.)	Yates 2004; Firth 1991: 324
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)	Firth 1959: 41