Nendo

• Traditional Culture (1875)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Davenport 1991: 290
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Davenport 1991: 290
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	42.5	Calculator 2014; Davenport 1991: 290
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	2053	Calculator 2014; Davenport 1991: 290

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	165.9	2014; Davenport 1991: 290
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-10.7	2014; Davenport 1991: 290

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Davenport 1964: 290

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Davenport 1991: 290
    Maximum elevation (meters)	550	Clark 2008: 64
    Island Size (km²)	506	Clark 2008: 64

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	3600	Davenport 1991: 290
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Davenport 1991: 291
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Davenport 1991: 291
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Davenport 1991: 291
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Davenport 1991: 291
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Davenport 1991: 290, 291
    Political Authority	Sublocal (encompasses a group larger than the household but smaller than the local community)	Davenport 1964

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Endemic (Conflict is frequent, is often violent, and is a pervasive aspect of daily life, e.g. feuding).	Davenport 1991: 292
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Davenport 2005: 40; Speiser 1916: 100
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Davenport 2005: 98; Graebner 2003: 107-126; Speiser 1916: 100-108

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Graebner 2003: 85-107

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58-60
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58-60
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Graebner 2003: 54-63
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58-60
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 54-55

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58, 64
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Davenport 1991: 290; Graebner 2003: 58, 64

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Minor	Graebner 2003: 54-107

• Post Contact History (1875-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Davenport 2005: 9, 103; Davenport 1964: 60
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Boerger 2007: 141-142; Davenport 1964: 60
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Davenport 2005: 4, 6

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Davenport 2005: 1-10, 98-99; Davenport 1964: 60

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	2018
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Boerger 2007: 129, 145-148
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Boerger 2007: 138-139; Agency 2014
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Davenport 1991: 290

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Atkinson et al. 2009: 3
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Boerger 2009: 103; Davenport 1991: 290

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Dunbar et al. 2013: 393; Boerger 2009: 102
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Davenport 2005: 5
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 180

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Davenport 1964: 59-60
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Davenport 1964: 60