Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Carucci 1991: 192 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Gorenflo and Levin 1994 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 307.4 | Williamson 1982; Calculator 2014 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 3048 | Calculator 2014; Erdland 2010 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 171.7 | 2014; Williamson 1982; Gorenflo and Levin 1994 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 7.1 | 2014; Williamson 1982; Gorenflo and Levin 1994 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | 2014; Erdland 2010: 1 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi) | Mason 1947: 3 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4.5 | Wells 1951 |
| Island Size (km²) | 12.9 | Williamson 1982 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 10000 | Gorenflo and Levin 1994 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Carucci 1991: 193, 194 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Carucci 1991: 193, 194 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Wedgwood 1942: 16; Carucci 1991: 193 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin | Wedgwood 1942: 15; Carucci 1991: 193 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Carucci 1991: 193 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Williamson 1982: 75; Carucci 1991: 191 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Mason 1947: 37-47 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.) | Senft 1903: 20; Erdland 2010: 89 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Gorenflo and Levin 1994: 97; Erdland 2010: 70 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Gorenflo and Levin 1994: 97 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Hezel 1983: 93 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Krämer 1938: 154-156 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938: 156-158 |
| Land-based gathering | Minor | Erdland 2010: 146-201 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938: 156-158 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Hezel 1983: 93; Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938: 161 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938: 158, 171-177 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Senft 1903: 1; Krämer 1938: 158, 171-177 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Major | Williamson 1982; Krämer 1938: 146-201 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | Hezel 1983: 198-210, 209-210 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Hezel 1983: 198-210 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Carucci 1991: 194 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Hezel 1983: 198-210; Carucci 1991: 192 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Hezel 1983: 197-210; Rudiak-Gould 2010 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Agency 2013 |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | Agency 2013; Creevey et al. 2021 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Agency 2013; Carucci 1991: 193 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Carucci 1991: 192 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.) | Agency 2013 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Carucci 1991: 192 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Agency 2013; Kiste 2021 |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Kiste 2021 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Kiste 2021 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Carucci 1991: 192 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Carucci 1991: 192 |