Marquesas

• Traditional Culture (1797)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Thomas 1991: 188-189
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Occasional but not often (e.g. once in a generation)	Thomas 1991: 188-189
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	450	Thomas 1990: 1
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	4767	Calculator 2014; Thomas 1991: 188

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	-139	2014; Rallu 1990: 48-49
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-9.8	2014; Rallu 1990: 48-49

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Thomas 1991: 188

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Rallu 1990: 48-49; 2018
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1200	Rallu 1990: 48-49
    Island Size (km²)	315	Rallu 1990: 48-49; 2018

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	40000	Rallu 1990: 48-49; Allen 2004
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Thomas 1991: 190
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Thomas 1991: 190
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Polyandry	Handy 1923: 101
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Thomas 1991: 190
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Hawaiian	Thomas 1991: 190
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Kirch 1984: 98; Thomas 1990: 20
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Thomas 1990: 36; Handy 1923: 35-39, 42-44, 53-55

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Handy 1923: 56; Thomas 1991: 190
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Handy 1923: 123; Thomas 1991: 190
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Handy 1923: 123-143

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Handy 1923: 143-203

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Thomas 1991: 189; Ferdon 1993: 93
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Linton 1939: 139-145, 140; Ferdon 1993: 86-100, 98-99
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Ferdon 1993: 86-87, 98-99
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Linton 1939: 139-145, 140; Ferdon 1993: 86-100
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Handy 1923: 181; Thomas 1991: 188

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Ferdon 1993: 95-96
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Linton 1939: 141; Ferdon 1987: 96-98
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Linton 1939: 141-142; Ferdon 1993: 96-98

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Linton 1939: 145, 146-147; Thomas 1991: 189; Ferdon 1993: 96, 109-111

• Post Contact History (1797-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Thomas 1991: 189
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Thomas 1990: 131-165; Thomas 1991: 189
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Thomas 1991: 190
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Thomas 1990: 146, 157-158; Thomas 1991: 188-189

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.)	de la statistique de la Polynesie francaise 2007
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	de la statistique de la Polynesie francaise 2007
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Agency 2014
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Thomas 1991: 189

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Agency 2014; Thomas 1991: 189

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 176

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Thomas 1990: 159-161, 164-165; Thomas 1991: 189
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Thomas 1990: 160-161; Thomas 1991: 189