Bunun

• Traditional Culture (1894)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Blust 1996: 125-128; Trejaut et al. 2005: 1362
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Baldick 2013: 5
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Adelaar 1994: 60-61; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 137; Yang 2005: 510; Huang 1995: 65
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Adelaar 1994: 60-61; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	263.3	Calculator 2014; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	120.5	2014; Huang 1993: 55
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	23.5	2014; Huang 1993: 55

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Sun et al. 2000: 302
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3952	Ding et al. 2005: 300
    Island Size (km²)	32260	Ding et al. 2005: 300

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	16000	Alvarez 1927
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Huang 1993: 57
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Huang 1993: 57
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Huang 1993: 57
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Huang 1993: 57
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Omaha	Huang 1993: 57
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Huang 1993: 56-57
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Huang 1993: 57

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Huang 1995: 72-73
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 136
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 136

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Huang 1993: 56

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135; Huang 1995: 65
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 135
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 134-135
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 134-135

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Huang 1995: 65

• Post Contact History (1894-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Yang 2011: 317-319
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Yang 2005: 510-511; Yang 2011: 217
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Yang 2008: 53-54

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Yang 2008

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Tse 2000: 154; Fan et al. 2004: 1313
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)	Lee 2004: 109, 114-115
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Law 2002: 66; De Busser 2013: 63
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Yang 2005: 491; De Busser 2013: 59

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.)	Yang 2005: 497-498; Yang 2011: 319; Huang 1995: 65
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Yang 2011: 319; Huang 1995: 65

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Yang 2005: 492; Yang 2011: 221, 230; De Busser 2013: 63
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Yang 2005: 489-491; De Busser 2013: 59
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Yang 2005: 489, 493; De Busser 2013: 62-63