Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Marksbury 2004: 976 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Lingenfelter 1991: 391 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 164.5 | Calculator 2014; Muller 1917: 7 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 2293 | Calculator 2014; Muller 1917: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 138.1 | 2014; Muller 1917: 7 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 9.5 | 2014; Muller 1917: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Muller 1917: 7-9; Lingenfelter 1991: 391 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Labby 1976: 1 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 173 | Fisher 1950: 55 |
| Island Size (km²) | 100.2 | Lingenfelter 1972: 391 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 8000 | Muller 1917: 17; Hunt et al. 1949: 36a |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 392-393 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 392-393 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Schneider 1953: 218 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Lingenfelter 1991: 393 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Crow | Lingenfelter 1991: 393 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Muller 1917: 17, 393-393, 406; Lingenfelter 1991: 393 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Labby 1976: 98, 108; Lingenfelter 1972: 175 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Muller 1917: 392-393, 406; Lingenfelter 1972: 205 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Muller 1917: 1-7, 331-334 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Muller 1917: 100 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Muller 1917: 100-108, 104 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Muller 1917: 91, 118 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Muller 1917: 100-108 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Muller 1917: 91-93, 118 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Muller 1917: 100, 108, 114 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Muller 1917: 100, 114, 122-156 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Muller 1917: 100, 114, 122-156 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Major | Muller 1917: 217-231; Senft 1903: 28 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Hunt et al. 1949: 5; Lingenfelter 1972: 272 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Bouma et al. (eds.) 2010: 157; Lingenfelter 1972: 1 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 269-270 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Lingenfelter 1972: 269-272 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Throop 2008: 407 |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | Throop 2008: 407 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Labby 1976: 5 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Labby 1976: 3-4; Lingenfelter 1972: 272-273 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Throop 2008: 407 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Throop 2008: 407 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Throop 2008: 407; Lingenfelter 1972: 275 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 275 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 178 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 272-273 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Lingenfelter 1972: 269-272 |