Tolai

• Traditional Culture (1882)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Epstein 1968: 8
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Epstein 1968: 7, 54-55; Parkinson 2010: 38-40
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Epstein 1968: 7
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1265	Calculator 2014; Epstein 1969: 10

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	152.2	Epstein 1969: 8,10
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-4.4	Epstein 1969: 8,10

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Epstein 1991: 333

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Woodhead et al. 1998: 1643
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2440	Coates 2001: 8
    Island Size (km²)	36500	Britain 2020

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	15000	Epstein 1992: 333; Epstein 1963
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Epstein 1991: 334-335
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Epstein 1991: 334-335
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Full polygyny (20% or more of married males)	Epstein 1991: 335
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Epstein 1991: 335
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Iroquois	Epstein 1991: 335
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Epstein 1991: 334, 335
    Political Authority	Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household	Epstein 1991: 335

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Parkinson 2010: 28; Epstein 1991: 335
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Epstein 1968: 7; Parkinson 2010: 55
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Epstein 1968: 7, 54-55, 38-40

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Epstein 1969: 11
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Epstein 1969: 11
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Epstein 1991: 334; Epstein 1969: 12
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Epstein 1969: 11
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Epstein 1968: 4; Epstein 1991: 334

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Parkinson 2010: 43-46, 46; Epstein 1991: 334
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Parkinson 2010: 43-46; Epstein 1969: 11
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Epstein 1968: 11; Parkinson 2010: 43-46

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Epstein 1991: 334

• Post Contact History (1882-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Epstein 1968: 14-15
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Epstein 1999: 290
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Epstein 1968: 14-15

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Epstein 1968: 14-15

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Epstein 1991: 333
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Champness et al. 1963: 67
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Epstein 1968: 9-10; Tateyama 2006: 21

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Epstein 1968: 10-11; Tateyama 2006: 25
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Epstein 1968: 10-11

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Epstein 1991: 335
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Tateyama 2006: 49-50
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Epstein 1968: 5

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Epstein 1991: 333-334
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Epstein 1991: 333-334