Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Bonnemaison 1994: 3-38 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Bonnemaison 1994: 34 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 24.9 | Calculator 2014; Bonnemaison 1994: 34 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1793 | Calculator 2014; Bonnemaison 1994: 11 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 169.4 | 2014; Lindstrom 1991: 313 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -19.5 | 2014; Lindstrom 1991: 313 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Lindstrom 1991: 313 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | 2013 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 1084 | 2013 |
| Island Size (km²) | 561 | 2013; Lindstrom 1991: 313 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 20000 | Bonnemaison 1994: 35 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Lindstrom 1991: 314 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Lindstrom 1991: 314 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Turner 1861: 86 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Lindstrom 1991: 314 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Dravidian | Lindstrom 1991: 314 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Adams 1984: 35, 103-191 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Bonnemaison 1994: 103-191 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Bonnemaison 1994: 35 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Humphreys 1926: 157-159 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Bonnemaison 1994: 157-169; Spriggs 1985 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Humphreys 1926: 60-70 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Humphreys 1926: 37-44, 60-65 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Humphreys 1926: 64-65 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Humphreys 1926: 60-70 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Humphreys 1926: 64-65 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Humphreys 1926: 61-62; Turner 1861: 87 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Absent | Humphreys 1926: 60-70; Bonnemaison 1994: 32 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Humphreys 1926: 64; Bonnemaison 1994: 32 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Bonnemaison 1994: 32 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Adams 1984: 60-70 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Bonnemaison 1994: 52-66 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and major (At one time or another during the post-contact period more than 25% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Guiart 1956 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Present, and survived to the present day | Atkinson 2018 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Foreign education systems | Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, but of low importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period, the culture was subject to a foreign government system, but this government system never controlled most important decisions.) | Bonnemaison 1994: 81-102; Atkinson 2018 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Atkinson 2018 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | Connell 2007 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Connell 2007 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 180; Connell 2007 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Bonnemaison 1994: 81-102; Atkinson 2018 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Bonnemaison 1994: 56-58, 81-102 |