Tanala

• Traditional Culture (1927)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Possible: Disputed / ambiguous evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Blench 2007
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Linton 1933: 162-163
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Adelaar 1995: 328
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Linton 1933: 18-19
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Linton 1933: 162-163
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Linton 1933: 18
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	923.8	Calculator 2014; Linton 1933: 16, 18

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	47.6	2014; Linton 1933: 16
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-20.9	2014; Linton 1933: 16

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Linton 1933: 17-18

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Blench 2007: 69
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2876	Raxworthy et al. 2008: 1704
    Island Size (km²)	587041	Campbell 2005: 19

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	165000	Kottak 1971; Grandidier 1908: 313-314
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Linton 1933: 132-146
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Linton 1933: 132-146
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Full polygyny (20% or more of married males)	Linton 1933: 132
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Linton 1933: 133
    Estimated population of largest political community	10,000-99,999	Linton 1933: 147; Grandidier 1908: 313-314
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Linton 1933: 132-158

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Linton 1933: 132-158, 247-252
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Linton 1933: 182
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Linton 1933: 182

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Linton 1933: 79-83

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Linton 1933: 47-52
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Linton 1933: 52-56
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Linton 1933: 37-61, 52, 59, 60
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Linton 1933: 52-56
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Linton 1933: 37

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Linton 1933: 56-59
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Linton 1933: 56-59
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Linton 1933: 56-59

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Minor	Linton 1933: 37-131, 51-52

• Post Contact History (1927-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	High (most communities were forced to convert)
    Adoption of a world religion	Present but minor (At one time or another during the post-contact period more than 5% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion, but this figure never exceeded 25%.)
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Harper 2002: 91
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Harper 2002: 71
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Harper 2002: 85, 88-89

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Harper 2002: 63, 69-70
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Harper 2002: 49, 63

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Harper 2002: 71-73
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Harper 2002: 71-73, 76
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Harper 2002: 71-73, 76

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Harper 2002: 85, 88-89
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Linton 1933: 327-329; Harper 2002: 84-85, 88-89