Tagbanuwa

• Traditional Culture (1896)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.)	Fox 1982: 155
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Fox 1982: 17, 41, 139, 170
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Fox 1982: 145
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Fox 1982: 25-26, 41, 145-247
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Fox 1982: 6
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1014.4	Fox 1982: 6

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	118.4	2014; Fox 1982: 6
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	9.5	2014; Fox 1982: 6

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Fox 1982: 1

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2086	Venturello 1907
    Island Size (km²)	11782	Fox 1982: 5; Venturello 1907

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	5000	Fox 1982: 12-13; of the Census 1905: 400
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Fox 1982: 53
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Fox 1982: 53
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Venturello 1907
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin	Venturello 1907
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Fox 1982: 12-13, 128-131; of the Census 1905: 400
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Fox 1982: 123-129; Venturello 1907

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Venturello 1907
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Venturello 1907
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Fox 1982: 17-26; Venturello 1907

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Warren 1975: 65

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Fox 1982: 5-52, 174
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Fox 1982: 49, 173
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Fox 1982: 5-52, 52
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Fox 1982: 49, 173
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Fox 1982: 42

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Fox 1982: 7
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Fox 1982: 7, 49
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Fox 1982: 7, 49

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Fox 1982: 5-52, 202

• Post Contact History (1896-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Fox 1982: 11-12; Dressler 2005: 22
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Lacuna-Richman 2004: 271
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Fox 1982: 11-12; Dressler 2005: 23

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)	Fox 1982: 5-52; Lacuna-Richman 2004: 267, 271
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Dressler 2005: 23

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Fox 1982: 25
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 186

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Fox 1982: 11-12
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Fox 1982: 17-33; Dressler 2005