Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Christie 1909: 11-32, 70-92 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.) | Christie 1909: 90 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Christie 1909: 11-32; Frake 1993: 244 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Christie 1909: 11-32, 70-92; Frake 1993: 244 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Christie 1909: 11-13 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1484 | Calculator 2014; Christie 1909: 11-13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 122.1 | 2014; Christie 1909: 11-13 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 7.1 | 2014; Christie 1909: 11-13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Christie 1909: 11-13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 2954 | Mindanao 2016 |
| Island Size (km²) | 94630 | Mindanao 2016 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 26000 | of the Census 1905: 400 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Christie 1909: 57; Frake 1993: 245 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Christie 1909: 61-62 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Christie 1909: 61-63 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Christie 1909: 61-69; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 34 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Rare or never | Christie 1909: 61-69; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 34 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Christie 1909: 11-32, 61-69 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Christie 1909: 42 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Christie 1909: 33-49; Finley and Churchill 1913: 21 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Christie 1909: 41, 47-48 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Christie 1909: 41, 47-48 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Finley and Churchill 1913: 41, 47-48 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Christie 1909: 41 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Christie 1909: 33-49 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Christie 1909: 41, 48 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Christie 1909: 41 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Christie 1909: 41, 43-46 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and major (At one time or another during the post-contact period more than 25% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.) | |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Sali-Ot et al. 2012: 39 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Frake 1993: 245 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | Sali-Ot et al. 2012: 41; Frake 1993: 244 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Frake 1993: 244 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.) | |
| Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Christie 1909: 68-69 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Christie 1909: 11-32 |