Roviana

• Traditional Culture (1902)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Nagaoka 2011: 25; Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Aswani and Sheppard 2003: S62
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Aswani and Sheppard 2003: S56, S62
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1474	Calculator 2014; Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	157.5	2014; Thomas 2003: 2
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.1	2014; Thomas 2003: 2

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Sheppard et al. 2000: 12

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Walter 2000: 299
    Maximum elevation (meters)	860	Clark 2008: 64
    Island Size (km²)	3365	Clark 2008: 64

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	3500	McCracken 2000: 50-51
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Walter et al. 2004: 154; Thomas 2003: 100
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Walter et al. 2004: 154; Thomas 2003: 100
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Goldie 1909: 27
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Nagaoka 2011: 318
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Thomas 2003

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.)	Aswani 2008: 186
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Aswani 2008: 186; Thomas 2003: 107-109
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Goldie 1909: 25-26; Thomas 2003: 107-108

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium
    Land-based gathering	Medium
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Medium (a significant food source, but not one of the most important sources of food)	Walter 2000

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Walter 2000
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Walter 2000
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Walter 2000

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Principal	Sheppard 2013: 3138, 142, 144-145

• Post Contact History (1902-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Luxton 1955: 23-49
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Luxton 1955: 23-49
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Walter 2000
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Luxton 1955: 23-49

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, and survived to the present day	Nagaoka 1999: 119; McDougall 2008: 4

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Aswani 2002: 275-278
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Terrill 2003: 191
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Kilé et al. 2000: 7-8; Thomas 2003: 133

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Aswani and Furusawa 2007: 549
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Aswani and Furusawa 2007: 549

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)	2014; Furusawa 2006: 30
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Furusawa 2006: 30
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 180; Calculator 2014

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Walter 2000: 298; Thomas 2003: 133
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Walter 2000: 298; Thomas 2003: 132