Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Nagaoka 2011: 25; Bellwood 1995: 109 |
Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Aswani and Sheppard 2003: S62 |
Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
(Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Aswani and Sheppard 2003: S56, S62 |
Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23 |
Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1474 | Calculator 2014; Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 157.5 | 2014; Thomas 2003: 2 |
Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -8.1 | 2014; Thomas 2003: 2 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | Sheppard et al. 2000: 12 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Walter 2000: 299 |
Maximum elevation (meters) | 860 | Clark 2008: 64 |
Island Size (km²) | 3365 | Clark 2008: 64 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 3500 | McCracken 2000: 50-51 |
Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Walter et al. 2004: 154; Thomas 2003: 100 |
Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Walter et al. 2004: 154; Thomas 2003: 100 |
Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Goldie 1909: 27 |
Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | |
Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Nagaoka 2011: 318 |
Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Thomas 2003 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
(No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.) | Aswani 2008: 186 |
(No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Aswani 2008: 186; Thomas 2003: 107-109 |
(No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Goldie 1909: 25-26; Thomas 2003: 107-108 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | |
Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | |
Land-based gathering | Medium | |
Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | |
Agriculture / Horticulture | Medium (a significant food source, but not one of the most important sources of food) | Walter 2000 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Water-based gathering | Major | Walter 2000 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Walter 2000 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Walter 2000 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Principal | Sheppard 2013: 3138, 142, 144-145 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | Luxton 1955: 23-49 |
Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Luxton 1955: 23-49 |
Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Walter 2000 |
Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Luxton 1955: 23-49 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Syncretic religious movements | Present, and survived to the present day | Nagaoka 1999: 119; McDougall 2008: 4 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Aswani 2002: 275-278 |
Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | |
Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Terrill 2003: 191 |
Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Kilé et al. 2000: 7-8; Thomas 2003: 133 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Aswani and Furusawa 2007: 549 |
Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Aswani and Furusawa 2007: 549 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | 2014; Furusawa 2006: 30 |
Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | Furusawa 2006: 30 |
Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 180; Calculator 2014 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Walter 2000: 298; Thomas 2003: 133 |
Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Walter 2000: 298; Thomas 2003: 132 |