Roti

• Traditional Culture (1843)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Fox 1993: 214; Fox 1973: 346-368
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Fox 1973: 346-368
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Fox 1977: 61-159
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Carnegie 2010: 460
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	12	Calculator 2014; Fox 1993: 212
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	459	Calculator 2014; Fox 1993: 212

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	123.2	2014; Fox 1968: 1
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-10.7	2014; Fox 1968: 1

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Fox 1968: 1

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island)	Harris 2011: 163, 167
    Maximum elevation (meters)	430	Fox 1968: 1
    Island Size (km²)	1250	Fox 1968: 1

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	40000	Fox 1977: 149, 151
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Fox 1993: 213, 214
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Fox 1993: 213, 214
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Fox 1993: 214
    Estimated population of largest political community	10,000-99,999	Fox 1977: 151
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Fox 1968: 120-187

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Fox 1977: 81; Fox 1993: 214
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Fox 1977: 79-80
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Fox 1977: 127-159

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Fox 1993: 213

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Fox 1977: 27-47, 29, 41-43; Fox 1993: 213
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Fox 1993: 213
    Land-based gathering	Principal	Fox 1977: 23-24, 29; Fox 1993: 213
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Fox 1993: 213
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Fox 1977: 29-30; Fox 1993: 213

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Fox 1977: 28; Fox 1993: 213
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Fox 1977: 28; Fox 1993: 213; Fox 1973: 345-346
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Fox 1977: 28; Fox 1993: 213

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Fox 1977: 17-47, 36

• Post Contact History (1843-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Fox 1983: 15
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Fox 1993: 214
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Carnegie 2010: 460
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Absent (Resident foreign missionaries played no role, or only a minimal role, in the conversion process.)	Fox 1977: 129

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Fox 1983

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Carnegie 2010: 460-462, 466
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	Carnegie 2010: 466-467
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Fox 1993: 212
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Fox 1993: 212

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Carnegie 2010: 462; Fox 1993: 213
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Carnegie 2010: 462; Fox 1993: 213

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	2014; Agency 2009: 162; Calculator 2014

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Carnegie 2010: 462, 471
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Carnegie 2010: 462