Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Blust 1996: 125-128; Trejaut et al. 2005: 1362 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Baldick 2013: 5; Manthorpe 2005: 104 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Cauquelin 2004: 46, 153 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Cauquelin 2004: 17, 28-36 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Chang 1996: 37 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 318.8 | Calculator 2014; Chang 1996: 37 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 121.1 | 2014; Cauquelin 2004: 12 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 22.8 | 2014; Cauquelin 2004: 12 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Chang 1996: 37 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Sun et al. 2000: 302 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 3952 | Ding et al. 2005: 300 |
| Island Size (km²) | 32260 | Ding et al. 2005: 300 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 6500 | Cauquelin 2004: 16, 17; Alvarez 1927 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Cauquelin 2004: 1, 43 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Cauquelin 2004: 1, 43 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Cauquelin 2004: 89; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 124 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin | Cauquelin 2004: 43; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 124 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 124; Alvarez 1927 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Cauquelin 2004 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Cauquelin 2004: 130, 147-148 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Cauquelin 2004: 26, 149 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Cauquelin 2004: 24, 149 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Taylor 1889: 229 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Major | Cauquelin 2004: 216-217 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Absent | Cauquelin 2004: 203-204 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Cauquelin 2004: 209 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Cauquelin 2004: 203-204 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Cauquelin 2004: 196, 209-212 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Cauquelin 2004: 207 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Cauquelin 2004: 207 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Cauquelin 2004: 207 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Absent | Cauquelin 2004: 203-217 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Cauquelin 2004: 68-70 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Cauquelin 2004: 68; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 125 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Cauquelin 2004: 68 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Cauquelin 2004: 68-70 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Huteson 2003: 5 |
| Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | Huteson 2003: 11-12 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Cauquelin 2004: 207 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Huteson 2003: 5-11, 7, 14, 17-18, 105-110 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.) | Huteson 2003: 7-8 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Huteson 2003: 7-8 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Huteson 2003: 6 |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Wang et al. 2004: 353 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 184; Huteson 2003: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Cauquelin 2004: 5-11, 14, 17-18, 105-110 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Cauquelin 2004: 105-110; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 123 |