Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Groves 1991: 212 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Groves 1991: 212, 213 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 495 | Calculator 2014; Groves 2011: xxii |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 147.1 | 2014; Groves 1991 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -9.5 | 2014; Groves 1991: 212 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Groves 1991: 212 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | F. and Allen 2004: 835 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4884 | 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 821400 | 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 4500 | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Groves 1991: 214 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Groves 1991: 214 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Turner 1878; Groves 1991: 214 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Groves 1991: 214 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Groves 1991: 214 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Groves 1991: 212-214 |
| Political Authority | Sublocal (encompasses a group larger than the household but smaller than the local community) | Groves 1991: 212-214 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Groves 1991: 214-215 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Groves 1991: 215 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Groves 1991: 215 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Turner 1878 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Turner 1878 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Turner 1878 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Oram 1977: 83-84 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Turner 1878 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Turner 1878; Groves 2011: 148 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Turner 1878; Groves 2011: 148 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Major | Turner 1878; Groves 1991: 213 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Goddard 2003: 145 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Groves 1991: 215 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Goddard 2003: 145; Groves et al. 1958: 123 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Goddard 2003 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Goddard 2003: 148-149; 2018; Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Goddard 2003: 148 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Goddard 2003: 147-148; Gibson 2001: 158 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | 2018 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 168; 2018 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Groves 1991: 213 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Groves 1991: 213 |