Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.) | Schouten 1998: 40; Wigboldus 1987: 88-89; Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 36 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Henley 1996: 23 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Schouten 1998: 17, 39; Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 55 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Henley 1996: 23; Wigboldus 1987: 90 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Schouten 1998: 17; Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 55 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1532 | Wigboldus 1987 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 124.9 | 2014; Schouten 1998: 14 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 1.3 | 2014; Schouten 1998: 14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 16-17, 19, 21 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Charlton 2000: 607 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 3455 | Celebes 2018 |
| Island Size (km²) | 188522 | Celebes 2018 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 40000 | Wigboldus 1987; Henley 2005: 175 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Schouten 1998: 11 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Schouten 1998: 11 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Schouten 1998: 19 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Schouten 1998: 11-38 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 67, 83 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Schouten 1998: 11, 19, 51 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Wigboldus 1987 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Lebar 1948: 126; Schouten 1998: 20 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 20-21; Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 29 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 126; Schouten 1998: 21 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Henley 1996: 24 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process, although inroads had already been made with the general population. | Schouten 1998: 102-110; Buchholt and Mai 1994: 14-19 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Schouten 1998: 105-125 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Buchholt and Mai 1994: 5 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Henley 1996: 52-53 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Schouten 1998: 105-125; Kraatz 2008: 172-173 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.) | Weichart 2004: 58 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Weichart 2004: 58 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Henley 1996: 57; Mai and Buchholt 1987: 22; Buchholt and Mai 1994: 17-18 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Schouten 1998: 3, 54-55 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 32-34; Buchholt and Mai 1994: 155 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Lundstrom-Burghoorn 1981: 45 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 166 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Schouten 1998: 40-51, 54-55 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Schouten 1998: 40-51 |