Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Loeb 1974: 160 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.) | Loeb 1974: 159 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Loeb 1974: 160, 169 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Loeb 1974: 169, 192-207 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 41.7 | Calculator 2014; Loeb 1974: 157-159 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 493.4 | Calculator 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 98.9 | 2014; Suzuki 1958: 10 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -1.4 | 2014; Suzuki 1958: 10 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Three | Loeb 1974: 160-161 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Tulius 2012: 42 |
| Island Size (km²) | 4000 | Suzuki 1958: 10; Tulius 2012: 42 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 18000 | Suzuki 1958: 7, 10 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Wallace 1951: 372 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Wallace 1951: 372 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Loeb 1974: 182 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin | Wallace 1951: 373 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Iroquois | Wallace 1951: 373 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Loeb 1974: 161-162 |
| Political Authority | Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household | Loeb 1974: 161-162, 173-192 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Loeb 1974: 173-192 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Occasional, at least every generation | Loeb 1974: 160, 172; 172 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Loeb 1974: 160, 172 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Loeb 1974: 159 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Absent | Loeb 1974: 163-167; Nooy-Palm 1968: 167 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Absent | Loeb 1974: 164 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Loeb 1974: 163 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Loeb 1974: 163-164 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Loeb 1974: 163; Persoon 2002 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Loeb 1974: 163-167; Nooy-Palm 1968: 167 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Loeb 1974: 163-167 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Loeb 1974: 163-167 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Loeb 1974: 169 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 41-42; Tulius 2012: 72-73 |
| Use of force in conversion | High (most communities were forced to convert) | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 41-42; Tulius 2012: 72-73 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Persoon and Osseweijer 2002 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 41-42; Tulius 2012: 72-73 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Tulius 2012: 72-75 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.) | Tulius 2012: 51 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Tulius 2012: 54 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Tulius 2012: 72-73 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Tulius 2012: 83-84 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Tulius 2012: 84 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | Islands 2019 |
| Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | Syamsidik 2013: 4 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Loeb 1974: 160; Tulius 2012: 72-73 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Loeb 1974: 160; Tulius 2012: 72-73 |