Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Mosko 1991: 198 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Hau'ofa 1981: 16-17 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Hau'ofa 1981: 16 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 488 | Calculator 2014; Hau'ofa 1981: 29 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 146.6 | 2014; Hau'ofa 1981: 29 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -8.6 | 2014; Hau'ofa 1981: 29 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Hau'ofa 1981: 12, 29 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | F. and Allen 2004: 835 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4884 | 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 821400 | 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 4000 | Hau'ofa 1981: 28; Stephen 1974: 45-46 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Stephen 1995: 11 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Stephen 1995: 11 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Mosko 1991: 199 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Mosko 1991: 199 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Mosko 1991: 199 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Hau'ofa 1981: 27-31, 42-45 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Hau'ofa 1981: 26-48, 184-214 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 66 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Hau'ofa 1981: 44; Seligman 1910: 311 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Seligman 1910: 313-314 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Hau'ofa 1981: 8-25 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Hau'ofa 1971: 15; Mosko 1991: 198 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Hau'ofa 1981: 15; Williamson 1913; Mosko 1991: 198 |
| Land-based gathering | Minor | Mosko 1991: 8, 25 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Hau'ofa 1981: 15; Williamson 1913; Mosko 1991: 198 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Hau'ofa 1981: 12; Mosko 1991: 198 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Hau'ofa 1981: 8-25; Williamson 1913 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Hau'ofa 1981: 8-25; Williamson 1913 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Hau'ofa 1981: 8-25; Williamson 1913 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Hau'ofa 1981: 16-17 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Hau'ofa 1971: 22 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Hau'ofa 1971: 21-22 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Stephen 1995: 57 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 21 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Present, but did not survive to the present-day | Hau'ofa 1981: 23 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Stephen 1995: 27, 57 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 20-25; Stephen 1995: 28; Bergendorff 2010 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Bergendorff 2010: 373-374 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 16-20; Stephen 1995: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Stephen 1995: 7 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 18 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 168; Stephen 1995: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 20-25 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Hau'ofa 1981: 20-25 |