Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | King 2003: 91, 102 |
Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
(Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Rare or never (less than once in a generation) | King 2003: 91 |
Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 650.6 | Calculator 2014 |
Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1646 | Calculator 2014 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 175.8 | 2014; Pool 1991: 38 |
Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -39 | 2014; Pool 1991: 38 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | Jones 2007: 76, 78, 101, 200 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Kirch 1984: 21 |
Maximum elevation (meters) | 2797 | 2013 |
Island Size (km²) | 116219 | 2013 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 100000 | Pool 1991: 57 |
Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Latham 1991: 177 |
Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Latham 1991: 177 |
Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Buck 1952: 369 |
Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Latham 1991: 177 |
Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Latham 1991: 177 |
Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Ballara 1998: 62 |
Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Ballara 1998: 194, 204, 208-210 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
(No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | King 2003: 81; Best 1924: 356, 399 |
(No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | King 2003: 83-84; Buck 1952: 388 |
(No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | King 2003: 91; Buck 1952: 387-402 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Metalworking | Absent | Buck 1952: 196 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Buck 1952: 85-112; Best 1924: 425 |
Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Buck 1952: 85-112; Best 1924: 425 |
Land-based gathering | Principal | Buck 1952: 85-86, 92-93 |
Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Buck 1952: 85-112; Best 1924: 425 |
Agriculture / Horticulture | Medium (a significant food source, but not one of the most important sources of food) | Buck 1952: 89-93; Best 1924: 425 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Water-based gathering | Major | Buck 1952: 106; Best 1924: 425-426 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Buck 1952: 106, 211-237; Best 1924: 397 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Buck 1952: 106, 211-237; Best 1924: 397 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Orbell 1996: 20 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | King 2003: 140-149; Orange 1990: 33-34 |
Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | King 2003: 131-150 |
Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Zealand 2013; Government 1961: 5 |
Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | King 2003: 131-150 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Syncretic religious movements | Present, and survived to the present day | Zealand 2013; Binney 1990 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | King 2003: 169 |
Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | King 2003: 477; Zealand 2013 |
Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Moran et al. 2021 |
Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | King 2003: 191, 256-257 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Changes in means of subsistence | High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.) | King 2003; Zealand 2013: 15-17 |
Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | King 2003 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Moran et al. 2021 |
Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Moran et al. 2021 |
Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Moran et al. 2021 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | King 2003: 151-167, 211-224, 240-258 |
Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | King 2003: 151-167, 211-224 |