Manus (Titan)

• Traditional Culture (1900)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Carrier 1991: 173
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Mead 1937: 210
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Mead 1937: 210
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1048	Calculator 2014; Schooling and Schooling 1988

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	147.2	2014; Schooling and Schooling 1988
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-2.2	2014; Schooling and Schooling 1988

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Schooling and Schooling 1988

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	2013
    Maximum elevation (meters)	718	2013
    Island Size (km²)	1639	2013

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	2000	Mead 1937: 211
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Carrier 1991: 174
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Carrier 1991: 174
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Mead 1937: 237
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Carrier 1991: 174
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Crow	Carrier 1991: 174
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Mead 1937: 211
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Gustafsson 1992: 51-97

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Carrier 1991: 175; Mead 1937: 212
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Mead 1937: 233-234
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Mead 1937: 233-234

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Fortune 1935: 4, 50; Mead 1937: 210
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Mead 1937: 210
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Mead 1937: 210
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Mead 1937: 210
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Absent (not practiced in the culture, or practiced but not a food source)	Mead 1937: 210

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Mead 1937: 210, 219
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Mead 1937: 210, 231
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Mead 1937: 210, 219

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Mead 1937: 210

• Post Contact History (1900-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Mead 1956: 89
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Mead 1956: 89
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Gibbs 2004: 183-184; Mead 1956: 88-90

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, but did not survive to the present-day	Schwartz 1993: 533; Wanek 1996: 189-218; Gibbs 2004: 184; Mead 1956: 165-208, 274-275, 277

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Wanek 1996: 79-80
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Schwartz 1993: 517-519; Wanek 1996: 103-104
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Mead 1956: 73, 148

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Wanek 1996: 79-80
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Wanek 1996: 81, 149-150; 2013

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	2013
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	2013

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Schwartz 1993: 74; Mead 1956: 71, 73
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Otto 1998: 74, 148; Mead 1956: 148