Manggarai

• Traditional Culture (1920)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Erb 1997: 48
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Erb 1987: 7; Erb 1997: 50-51
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Erb 1997: 49; Koentjaraningrat 1972: 83
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Erb 1987: 7
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	795	Calculator 2014; Erb 1997

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	120.4	2014; Erb 1987: 830
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.6	2014; Erb 1987: 830

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Erb 1987: 830

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island)	Morwood et al. 2009: 438
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2400	Morwood et al. 2009: 438
    Island Size (km²)	13500	Morwood et al. 2009: 438

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	155000	Erb 1987: 12, 49-50
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Koentjaraningrat 1972: 82
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Koentjaraningrat 1972: 82
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Koentjaraningrat 1972: 82
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Koentjaraningrat 1972: 82
    Estimated population of largest political community	10,000-99,999	Erb 1987: 12, 30, 49-50
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Erb 1987: 41-52

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Occasional, at least every generation	Erb 1997
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Erb 1987: 18-41; Erb 1997

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Erb 1987: 6; Koentjaraningrat 1972: 81
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Erb 1987: 6
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Erb 1987: 6
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Erb 1987: 6
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Erb 1987: 6; Koentjaraningrat 1972: 81

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Erb 1987: 6
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Erb 1987: 6
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Erb 1987: 6

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Erb 1987: 6-8

• Post Contact History (1920-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Kartomi 2001: 64
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Allerton 2009: 273
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Erb 1987: 39; Allerton 2009: 273

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Allerton 2009

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.)
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign education systems	Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Erb 1987: 41, 46-47

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Kartomi 2001: 70; 2010
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	2010

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Erb 1987: 38-41; Koentjaraningrat 1972: 81
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Erb 1987: 39, 40