Manam

• Traditional Culture (1933)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 68-69
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Wedgwood 1934: 378-379
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	786	Calculator 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	145	2014
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-4.1	2014

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Three	Wedgwood 1934: 378-379

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Lutkehaus 1995: 39
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1300	Wedgwood 1934: 377
    Island Size (km²)	90	Lutkehaus 1995: 40

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	4000	Wedgwood 1934: 381-382
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Hawaiian	Lutkehaus 1991: 168
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Wedgwood 1934: 381-382, 384-385; Lutkehaus 1990: 194; Lutkehaus 1995: 252-253, 265
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 136
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Lutkehaus 1995: 136
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Lutkehaus 1995: 136

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 393-394
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Wedgwood 1934: 394
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 393
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 394
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Wedgwood 1934: 391, 393

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 393
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 393
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Wedgwood 1934: 393

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Wedgwood 1934: 393; Lutkehaus 1995: 60

• Post Contact History (1933-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Lutkehaus 1995: 68-72
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 70-71
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 68-72

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, but did not survive to the present-day	Lutkehaus 1991: 169; Lutkehaus 1995: 352-361, 368-380

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.)
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign education systems	Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)	Mercer 2010: 417
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 66-67

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)	Mercer 2010: 413
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Lutkehaus 1991: 168; Lutkehaus 1995: 93-94

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)	2014
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 224; Lutkehaus 1995: 94

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lutkehaus 1995: 66-67
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Lutkehaus 1991: 167; Lutkehaus 1995: 65-72