Land Dayak

• Traditional Culture (1840)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21; Low 1848: 264-265
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 239-277; St. John 1862: 152-205
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Geddes 1961: 3
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	612.4	Calculator 2014; Adelaar 1995: 82

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	110.5	2014; Geddes 1961: xiii; Adelaar 1995: 82
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	0.2	2014; Geddes 1961: xiii; Adelaar 1995: 82

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Geddes 1961: 3

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Shelf 2016
    Maximum elevation (meters)	4101	Borneo 2019
    Island Size (km²)	755000	Borneo 2019

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	100000	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Pringle 1968: 15
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 195
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Low 1848: 300; St. John 1862: 142
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin	St. John 1862: 162
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195-196; Low 1848: 290-299
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195-196; Geddes 1961: 21; Low 1848: 21

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Geddes 1954: 48
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Geddes 1961: 52-53; Low 1848: 212-213, 278
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Geddes 1961: 4, 53; Low 1848

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; St. John 1862: 102

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 265-267, 310
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 310
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Low 1848: 311
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 237-238, 310
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 310

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Low 1848: 195, 310-311; St. John 1862: 202

• Post Contact History (1840-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Chua 2009: 334-336
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Chua 2009: 335
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Chua 2012: 515; St. John 1862

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Chua 2009: 334-336

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Chua 2009: 334-335
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Chua 2009: 334-335

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.)	Chua 2009: 334-335
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195; Chua 2009: 334

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Chua 2009: 334
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	2013
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 162

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 195