Iban

• Traditional Culture (1839)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Jensen 1974: 60-95
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Jensen 1974: 83, 100
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Pringle 1968: 60-95
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Jensen 1974; Pringle 1968: 63
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Pringle 1968: 15
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	739	Calculator 2014; Pringle 1968: 4, 15, 17-18

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	111.6	Pringle 1968: 11,17
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	1.2	2014; Pringle 1968: 11,17

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Pringle 1968: 17

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Quek 2009: 112
    Maximum elevation (meters)	4095	Quek 2009: 112
    Island Size (km²)	740000	Quek 2009: 111

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	100000	Pringle 1968: 15, 18
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Sutlive 1993: 97; Pringle 1968: 33
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Sutlive 1993: 97; Pringle 1968: 33
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Sutlive 1993: 97; Pringle 1968: 87
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin	Sutlive 1993: 97
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Pringle 1968: 2-3,34-39
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Pringle 1968: 34-39

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Pringle 1968: 35; Freeman 1981: 32
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Pringle 1968: 1-95
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Pringle 1968: 1-45

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 182; Sutlive 1993: 97

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Sutlive 1993: 97
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Gomes 2011: 53-54, 87
    Land-based gathering	Major	Sutlive 1993: 97; Gomes 2011: 87
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Gomes 2011: 53-54
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Sutlive 1993: 96-97; Gomes 2011: 87

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Sutlive 1973: 23
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Sutlive 1993: 97; Gomes 2011: 54-56
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Sutlive 1993: 97; Gomes 2011: 54-56, 87

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Sutlive 1993: 96-97; Pringle 1968: 92

• Post Contact History (1839-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Varney nd; Postill 2000: 128, 191
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Hasegawa 2018
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Wagner 1972: 42-43; Kheung 2006: 15-16

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Varney nd; Wagner 1972: 42-43; Postill 2000

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)	Kheung 2006: 20
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Postill 2000: 26; Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Postill 2000: 26
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Pringle 1968: 111-112

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Kheung 2006: 14-15
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Sutlive 1993: 97

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Postill 2000: 26
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	Sutlive 1993: 97; Dent 2011
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 162; Sutlive 1993: 97

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Pringle 1968: 111-112
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Pringle 1968: 111-112