Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Burrows 1936: 17-21 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Burrows 1936: 56 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 225.3 | Calculator 2014; Kirch 1994: 257 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 3249 | Calculator 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | -178 | 2014; Burrows 1936: 7 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -14.3 | 2014; Burrows 1936: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Two | Burrows 1936: 9-10, 15, 36-37 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Kirch 1976: 29 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 760 | Kirch 1976: 32 |
| Island Size (km²) | 65 | Burrows 1936: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 1000 | Burrows 1936: 14-15; V. 1994: 41 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Burrows 1936: 72 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Burrows 1936: 72 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Smith 1892: 38 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin | Pollock 1991: 67 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Pollock 1991: 67 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Burrows 1936: 14-15, 26, 36-37 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Burrows 1936 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Pollock 1995: 139 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Burrows 1936: 37 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Burrows 1936: 24-56, 117-122 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Bellwood et al. 1975 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Burrows 1936: 216 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Burrows 1936: 130, 133 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Burrows 1936: 132, 133 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Burrows 1936: 130, 133 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Burrows 1936: 130; Kirch 1994: 258 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Burrows 1936: 130, 132 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Burrows 1936: 130, 145-152 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Burrows 1936: 130, 132, 145-152 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Absent | Burrows 1936: 130-152 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process, although inroads had already been made with the general population. | Angleviel 1994: 12, 74-75 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Burrows 1936: 19-20; Angleviel 1994: 74-75 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Van der Grijp 2005: 322-323; Burrows 1936: 22; Angleviel 1994: 74-75 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Burrows 1936: 19-20; Angleviel 1994: 74-75 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Van der Grijp 2005: 322-323; Burrows 1936: 19-20, 22; Angleviel 1994: 74-75 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Foster and Kiste 2020 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Foster and Kiste 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Sam et al. 2009: 3 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Van der Grijp 2005: 312 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Van der Grijp 2005: 312 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Van der Grijp 2005: 314; Burrows 1936: 22 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Van der Grijp 2005: 325 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Publications 2013: 182 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 174 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Van der Grijp 2005: 311-312 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Burrows 1936: 20-21 |