Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Downs 1956: vii-viii |
Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Downs 1956: 15-16 |
(Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Downs 1956: 4 |
Islamic influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.) | Downs 1956: 4, 22 |
Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Downs 1956: 1 |
Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1367 | 2014; Grimes 1987: 20 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 120.6 | 2014; Downs 1956: 1 |
Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -1.9 | 2014; Downs 1956: 1 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Downs 1956: 1 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Charlton 2000: 607 |
Maximum elevation (meters) | 3455 | Celebes 2018 |
Island Size (km²) | 188522 | Celebes 2018 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 40000 | Henley 2005: 39, 222-231 |
Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 132 |
Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 132 |
Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 133 |
Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin | Downs 1956: 5 |
Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 132-133 |
Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Downs 1956: 3-4; Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 114 |
Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Downs 1956: 3-7; Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 167-168 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
(No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 153-155 |
(No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 350-351, 357 |
(No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 354, 357 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Metalworking | Present | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 491-492 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365 |
Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 526-565 |
Land-based gathering | Medium | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365 |
Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 526-565 |
Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Water-based gathering | Minor | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 580 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 566-582 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 566-582 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 508 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Cote 2011: 13 |
Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Cote 2011: 12-13 |
Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Cote 2011: 20 |
Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Cote 2011: 7, 20 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Cote 2011; Schrauwers 2000: 171-246 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Replacement-level immigration | Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.) | |
Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
Foreign education systems | Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | |
Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Cote 2011: 11 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Schrauwers 2000: 113 |
Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Schrauwers 2000: 110-112 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Schrauwers 2000: 227 |
Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 166 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Cote 2011: 11 |
Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Cote 2011: 12-13; Schrauwers 2000: 227 |