Eastern Toraja

• Traditional Culture (1892)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Downs 1956: vii-viii
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Downs 1956: 15-16
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Downs 1956: 4
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Downs 1956: 4, 22
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Downs 1956: 1
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1367	2014; Grimes 1987: 20

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	120.6	2014; Downs 1956: 1
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-1.9	2014; Downs 1956: 1

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Downs 1956: 1

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Charlton 2000: 607
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3455	Celebes 2018
    Island Size (km²)	188522	Celebes 2018

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	40000	Henley 2005: 39, 222-231
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 132
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 132
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 133
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin	Downs 1956: 5
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Hawaiian	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 132-133
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Downs 1956: 3-4; Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 114
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Downs 1956: 3-7; Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 167-168

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 153-155
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 350-351, 357
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Adriani and Kruyt 1950: 354, 357

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 491-492

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 526-565
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 526-565
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 580
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 566-582
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 283-365, 566-582

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Minor	Adriani and Kruyt 1951: 508

• Post Contact History (1892-2000)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Cote 2011: 13
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Cote 2011: 12-13
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Cote 2011: 20
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Cote 2011: 7, 20

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Cote 2011; Schrauwers 2000: 171-246

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign education systems	Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Cote 2011: 11

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Schrauwers 2000: 113
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Schrauwers 2000: 110-112

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Schrauwers 2000: 227
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 166

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Cote 2011: 11
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Cote 2011: 12-13; Schrauwers 2000: 227