Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Williams 1993: 80; Appell 1969: 213 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Appell 1969: 213 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Williams 1993: 81 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Appell 1969: 213 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Williams 1993: 79 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 978 | Calculator 2014; Williams 1965: map |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 116.4 | Williams 1965: (map) |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 5.7 | 2014; Williams 1965: (map) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Williams 1993: 79; Appell 1969: 213 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Shelf 2016 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4101 | Borneo 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 755000 | Borneo 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 80000 | Reid 1997: 124; Appell 1969: 213 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Williams 1993: 81 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Williams 1993: 81 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Williams 1993: 82 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Williams 1993: 82 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Eskimo | Williams 1993: 81 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Williams 1993: 81, 82 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Williams 1993: 82 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Williams 1993: 82-83 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Williams 1993: 83 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Williams 1993: 80; Williams 1965: 66-67 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Williams 1993: 81 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Williams 1993: 81; Williams 1965: 68 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Williams 1965: 75 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Evans 1953: 199 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Williams 1965: 76-77 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Reid 1997: 125 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Reid 1997: 125 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Reid 1997: 125 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Reid 1997: 122 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Ting 2014: 44 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Ting 2014: 44 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Williams 1993: 80, 82 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | 2008 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | 2008 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | 2013 |
| Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | 2013 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | 2013 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Williams 1993: 80 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Evans 1953: 8-9; Williams 1993: 80 |