Chuuk

• Traditional Culture (1902)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Goodenough 2002: 107; Hezel 1973
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Goodenough 1991: 352
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	68.2	Calculator 2014; 2014
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	2242	Calculator 2014; Goodenough 2002: xiv, 18

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	151.6	2014; Buden et al. 2005
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	7.3	2014; Buden et al. 2005

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Goodenough 2002: 17

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Goodenough 2002: 17; Buden et al. 2005: 97
    Maximum elevation (meters)	443	Buden et al. 2005: 97
    Island Size (km²)	34.2	Buden et al. 2005: 97

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	12000	Goodenough 2002: 18
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Goodenough 2002: 30
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Goodenough 2002: 30
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin	Goodenough 1991: 352
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Crow	Goodenough 1991: 352
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Goodenough 2002: 18, 38
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Goodenough 2002: 29-46, 273-320

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Endemic (Conflict is frequent, is often violent, and is a pervasive aspect of daily life, e.g. feuding).	Goodenough 2002: 273; Younger 2009: 148
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Younger 2009; Bollig 1927: 113-123
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Younger 2009; Bollig 1927: 113-123

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Lebar 1948

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Goodenough 2002: 20; Lebar 1948: 192-193
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Goodenough 2002: 20; Lebar 1948: 132
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Goodenough 2002: 20-21; Lebar 1948: 117-226, 122, 123
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Goodenough 2002: 20; Lebar 1948: 132
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Goodenough 2002: 20; Goodenough 1991: 352

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Lebar 1948: 192-193
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Goodenough 2002: 19; Lebar 1948: 138-191, 192-193
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Goodenough 2002: 19; Lebar 1948: 138-191, 192-193

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Goodenough 2002: 26

• Post Contact History (1902-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Gladwin 1953: 44; Dietrich 2011: 71-72
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Gladwin 1953: 44
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Gladwin 1953: 44; Dietrich 2011: 71-72

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Gladwin 1953: 44; Dietrich 2011

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.)
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Foster 2020: 68
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Foster 2020

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Young et al. 1997
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Young et al. 1997: 2, 49

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Foster and Kiste 2020
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	Foster 2020
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 178

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Gladwin 1953: 39-45
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)	Gladwin 1953: 39-45