Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Carson 2011: 2214; Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Carano 1966: 51 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Cunningham 1992: 193; Carano 1966: 51 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 645.5 | Calculator 2014 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 2672 | Calculator 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 144.8 | 2014; Hezel 1982: 132 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 13.5 | 2014; Hezel 1982: 132 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Ballendorf 2021 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 406 | Ballendorf 2021 |
| Island Size (km²) | 541 | Fritts 1998: 114 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 25000 | Shell 1999: 132-133 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Hays 1991: 34 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Hays 1991: 34 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Hays 1991: 34 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin | Hays 1991: 34 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Cunningham 1992: 178; Hezel 1982: 118 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Cordy 1983 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Thompson 1945: 18 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Thompson 1945: 18-19 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Thompson 1945: 3, 18-20 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Thompson 1945: 38 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Cunningham 1992: 28 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Cunningham 1992: 41 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Cunningham 1992: 30; Cunningham 1997: 20 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Thompson 1945: 30 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Cunningham 1992: 31; Cunningham 1997: 20 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Cunningham 1992: 22, 30 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Cunningham 1992: 22, 30-38 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Cunningham 1992: 22, 30-38 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Cunningham 1992: 191-196; Carano 1966: 51 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Carano 1966: 64-66 |
| Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Hezel 1982 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | De Frutos 2012 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Hezel 1982 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Carano 1966; De Frutos 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Hezel 1973: 132-133; Agency 2014; Carano 1966: 8-11; Agency 2014 |
| Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | Agency 2014; Balajadia et al. 2008: S5; Agency 2014 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Carano 1966: 404-438 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Carano 1966: 61-87; De Frutos 2012: 459-460 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.) | Agency 2014; Ballendorf 2021 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Agency 2014; Ballendorf 2021 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Carano 1966: 11 |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Ballendorf 2021 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Agency 2009: 178 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Agency 2014; Carano 1966: 61-87; De Frutos 2012: 459-460; Agency 2014 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Hezel 1982: 132, 136 |