Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109, 123 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Elbert 1965: 19; Kuschel 1988: 51-52 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Kuschel 1988: 51-52, 55-56, 91, 170 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 22.5 | 2014; Kuschel 1988: 47 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1544 | Calculator 2014; Monberg 1991: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 159.8 | 2014; Monberg 1991: 7 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -11.3 | 2014; Monberg 1991: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Monberg 1991: 7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi) | Monberg 1991: 7 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 55 | Monberg 1991: 10-11 |
| Island Size (km²) | 17 | Christiansen 1975: 88 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 440 | Kuschel 1988: 89-91 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Monberg 1991: 8-9, 17 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Monberg 1991: 8-9, 17 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Monberg 1991: 8, 15 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Monberg 1991: 13, 14 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Monberg 1991: 7-20 |
| Political Authority | Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household | Monberg 1991: 19 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.) | Kuschel 1988: 53-101, 152-220 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Kuschel 1988: 53-101, 152-220 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Kuschel 1988; Kuschel 1988: 170-177 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Christiansen 1975: 83 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Absent | Christiansen 1975: 29-87 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Christiansen 1975: 70 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Christiansen 1975: 68-71 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Christiansen 1975: 70 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Christiansen 1975: 29 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Christiansen 1975: 70-71 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Christiansen 1975: 71-74 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Christiansen 1975: 71-74 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Absent | Christiansen 1975: 29-87 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | Kuschel 1988: 232 |
| Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Kuschel 1988: 232-233 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Monberg 1991: 3 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Absent (Resident foreign missionaries played no role, or only a minimal role, in the conversion process.) | Kuschel 1988 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Government 2001: 5; Elbert 1965: 19 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 10-12 |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 10 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Kuschel 1988: 45 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Kuschel 1988: 233-234 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 17-19 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 19-20 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 14 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 14 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | of Provincial Government and Development 2001: 14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Kuschel 1988: 233-234 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Kuschel 1988: 233-234 |