Atoni

• Traditional Culture (1904)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 20, 147-149; Cunningham 1993: 27
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Schulte Nordholt 1971: 20
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Occasional but not often (e.g. once in a generation)
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 20
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 18
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	454	Calculator 2014; Schulte Nordholt 1971: 18

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	124.3	2014; Schulte Nordholt 1971: 18
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-9.7	2014; Schulte Nordholt 1971: 18

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 18 (map)

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island)	Fox 2003: 2
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2963	2010
    Island Size (km²)	30459	2010

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	130000	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 19; Ormeling 1957: 181-182
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Cunningham 1964: 58
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Cunningham 1964: 58
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Cunningham 1993: 28
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Dravidian	Cunningham 1993: 28
    Estimated population of largest political community	10,000-99,999	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 155, 162-163
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 186-231, 326-391

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 330, 363
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 105
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 326-357

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 40-41

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Major	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 46-49, 52
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 49-91
    Land-based gathering	Major	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 51-52
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 40-91
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 52; Cunningham 1993: 27

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 40-91
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 40
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 40

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 50

• Post Contact History (1904-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	McWilliam 1991: 49, 58
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	McWilliam 1991: 49, 57

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	McWilliam 1991; Cunningham 1993: 28

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Cunningham 1993: 27; McWilliam 2009: 112
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Cunningham 1993: 27
    Foreign education systems	Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)	Barlow 2009: 106
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Cunningham 1993: 28

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Cunningham 1993: 127; McWilliam 2009: 130
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Schulte Nordholt 1971: 327; Fox 2003: 6, 19

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Barlow 2009: 105
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	Nixon 2004: 171
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 162; Barlow 2009: 105

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Cunningham 1993: 28
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Cunningham 1965: 359-360, 377-378