Atayal

• Traditional Culture (1896)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Blust 1996; Trejaut et al. 2005
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Baldick 2013: 5; Manthorpe 2005: 104
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Tang 2010: 105-106
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Alvarez 1927
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	197.8	Calculator 2014; Alvarez 1927

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	121.3	2014; Alvarez 1927
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	24.4	2014; Alvarez 1927

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144; Alvarez 1927

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Copper 2021
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3952	Ding et al. 2005: 300
    Island Size (km²)	32260	Ding et al. 2005: 300

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	30000	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143; Alvarez 1927
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 145
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 145
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 145
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 145
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143, 145-147; Kaneko 2000: 273-274
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 146-147

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Tang 2010: 105-106; McGovern 1922: 111
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 147-148; McGovern 1922: 112; Ishii 1917
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 121, 136, 141, 143; Ishii 1917

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143, 144

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 144-145

• Post Contact History (1896-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143; Yoshimura 2007: 130, 146; Wang 2012: 10-12
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Wang 2012: 12

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143; Yoshimura 2007: 130, 146; Wang 2012: 10-12

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.)
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Law 2002: 66
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 143
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 143; Yoshimura 2007: 102