Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Hays 1991: 380 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Hogbin 1970: 16; Hays 1991: 380 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 15 | Calculator 2014 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 852 | Calculator 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 144.1 | 2014; Hogbin 1970: 6-7 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -3.2 | 2014; Hogbin 1970: 6-7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Hogbin 1970: 6-7 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Anderson 2011: 16 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 610 | Hogbin and Lawrence 1967: 5 |
| Island Size (km²) | 33.3 | 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 929 | Hogbin 1935; Hogbin 1970: 8 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Hays 1991: 381 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Hays 1991: 381 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Hays 1991: 381 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Hays 1991: 381 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Iroquois | Hays 1991: 381 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 99 or fewer | Hogbin 1970: 10, 17-25 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Hogbin 1970: 17-25 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Hogbin 1970: 17-18 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Occasional, at least every generation | Hogbin 1970: 7-10; Hogbin 1978: 179 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Hogbin 1978: 179 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Hogbin 1935: 310; Hogbin 1970: 16 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Hogbin 1935: 310-311; Hogbin 1970: 16 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Hogbin 1935: 310; Hogbin 1970: 15 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Hogbin 1935: 310-311; Hogbin 1970: 16 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Hogbin 1970: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Hogbin 1935: 311; Hays 1991: 380 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Hogbin 1935: 311; Hogbin 1970: 16 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Hogbin 1935: 311; Hogbin 1970: 16 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Hogbin 1935 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Anderson 2011: 49 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Anderson 2011: 18 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Anderson 2011: 49 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Anderson 1890: 49-52 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Anderson 2011: 36-53 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Anderson 2011: 53 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Anderson 2011: 48 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Anderson 2011: 50; Hogbin 1978: 11 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | Anderson 2011: 35-36 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Anderson 2011: 48; Hogbin 1978: 10 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Anderson 2011: 48 |
| Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | Anderson 2011: 1 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | Anderson 2011: 1 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Anderson 2011; Hogbin 1978: 4-6, 11 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Hogbin 1978: 4-6 |