Tinguian

• Traditional Culture (1907)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Eggan 1941; Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246, 295-314
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23; Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23; Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	720	Calculator 2014; Cole and Gale 1922: 238

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	120.8	2014; Cole and Gale 1922: 238
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	17.6	2014; Cole and Gale 1922: 238

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Cole and Gale 1922: 238

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2930	Luzon 2019
    Island Size (km²)	104688	Luzon 2019

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	20000	Gaioni 1985; Cole and Gale 1922: 238; of the Philippine Islands 1921: 900
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Cole and Gale 1922: 360
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Cole and Gale 1922: 360
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Cole and Gale 1922: 283
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Cole and Gale 1922: 279, 282
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Cole and Gale 1922: 359-370
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Cole and Gale 1922: 359

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Cole and Gale 1922: 359-370
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Occasional, at least every generation	Cole and Gale 1922: 371-378
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246, 371-378

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Cole and Gale 1922: 413-416

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Cole and Gale 1922: 387-412
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Cole and Gale 1922: 378-383
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Cole and Gale 1922: 371-412
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Cole and Gale 1922: 378-383
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Cole and Gale 1922: 387, 403-404

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Cole and Gale 1922: 371-412
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Cole and Gale 1922: 383-386
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Cole and Gale 1922: 383-386

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Cole and Gale 1922: 371-412

• Post Contact History (1907-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Millare 1955; Cole and Gale 1922: 244-246
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Millare 1955
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Cole and Gale 1922: 243-244

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Millare 1955; Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Gaioni 1985
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Del Curro 2014
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Millare 1955; Cole and Gale 1922
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Gaioni 1985

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)	Del Curro 2014
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Del Curro 2014
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Del Curro 2014

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Gaioni 1985; Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Cole and Gale 1922: 236-246