Small Islands

• Traditional Culture (1914)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Layard 1928: xviii
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Layard 1942: xviii, 53, 601
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Layard 1942: 24-25
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1822	Calculator 2014; Layard 1942: 28

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	167.5	2014; Layard 1942: 30
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-16.1	2014; Layard 1942: 4, 24

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Layard 1942: 24-25

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Layard 1942: 24-25; 2013
    Maximum elevation (meters)	879	2013
    Island Size (km²)	2023	Layard 1942: 24-25, 30; Creevey et al. 2021

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	3000	Layard 1942: 24, 745
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Layard 1942: 11-12
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Layard 1942: 11-12
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Full polygyny (20% or more of married males)	Layard 1942: 227
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Layard 1942: 228
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Layard 1942: 24, 53-55
    Political Authority	Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household	Layard 1942: 53

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Endemic (Conflict is frequent, is often violent, and is a pervasive aspect of daily life, e.g. feuding).	Layard 1942: 24, 26, 590, 602-603
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Layard 1942: 26, 53, 590
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Layard 1942: 588, 601-603; Geismar 2009: 15

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Layard 1942: 25, 48
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Layard 1942: 48
    Land-based gathering	Absent	Layard 1942: 40-50, 48
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Layard 1942: 48
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Layard 1942: 25, 48

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Layard 1942: 48
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Layard 1942: 48
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Layard 1942: 48

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Layard 1942: 15, 48, 253

• Post Contact History (1914-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Geismar 2009: 164-167
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Geismar 2009: 225
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Layard 1936: xviii, xix

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Geismar 2005: 205-206; Geismar 2009: 207
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Geismar 2005: 205-206
    Foreign government systems	Present, but of low importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period, the culture was subject to a foreign government system, but this government system never controlled most important decisions.)

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Geismar 2009: 39
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Geismar 2009: 226-227

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Geismar 2009: 211, 224
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.)	Geismar 2009: 13, 15, 39
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Geismar 2009: 15