Simbo

• Traditional Culture (1908)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Bayliss-Smith 2006: 31-32
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Bayliss-Smith 2006: 31-32; Sheppard 2013
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	8	Calculator 2014; Hocart 1922
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1422	Calculator 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	156.5	2014; Hocart 1922
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.3	2014; Hocart 1922

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Scheffler 1962

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Scheffler 1962: 135-137
    Maximum elevation (meters)	330	Petterson et al. 2008: 149
    Island Size (km²)	12	Bayliss-Smith 2006: 38

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	400	Bayliss-Smith 2006: 31-34; McCracken 2000: 47-49
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Scheffler 1962
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Scheffler 1962
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin	Scheffler 1962: 143
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Scheffler 1962
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Scheffler 1962

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Scheffler 1962; Hocart 1931
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Scheffler 1962; Hocart 1931
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Scheffler 1962

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent
    Land-based gathering	Major
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Bayliss-Smith and Hviding 2015

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Hocart 1937: 261
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Hocart 1937; Hocart 1935
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Hocart 1937; Hocart 1935

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Bayliss-Smith and Hviding 2015

• Post Contact History (1908-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Dureau 2001
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Dureau 2001: 145
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.)	Dureau 2001: 145

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Dureau 2012

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Dureau 2012: 12-13; Lauer 2012: 177
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	Lauer et al. 2013: 42
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Dureau 1998: 243
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lauer et al. 2013: 42, 44; Dureau 1998: 243

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Dureau 2012: 12-13; Dureau 1998: 243
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Dureau 1998: 243, 260

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)	Lauer et al. 2013: 42
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	2014; Petterson et al. 2008: 150-151
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 180; Calculator 2014

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Dureau 1994: 107
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Bayliss-Smith 2006: 107