Sama Dilaut (Tawi-Tawi)

• Traditional Culture (1965)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Nimmo 2001: 213; Nimmo 1990: 197-198
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Nimmo 2001: 139-182
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Nimmo 2001: 38
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Nimmo 2001: 139; Nimmo 1990: 197
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Nimmo 2001: 38
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1374	Calculator 2014; Nimmo 2001: 19

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	119.8	2014; Nimmo 2001: 19
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	5.1	2014; Nimmo 2001: 19

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Nimmo 2001: 19, 43-46

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	2012
    Island Size (km²)	620	2014

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1600	Nimmo 2001: 21
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Sather 1993: 33
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Sather 1993: 33
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Sather 1993: 33
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Sather 1993: 33
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Eskimo	Sather 1993: 33
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Nimmo 2001: 127; Sather 1993: 34

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Nimmo 2001: 129; Sather 1993: 34
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Sather 1993: 34
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Nimmo 2001: 218; Sather 1993: 34

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Nimmo 2001: 102; Sather 1997: 96
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Sather 1997: 96
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Nimmo 2001: 39, 100, 102
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Sather 1997: 96
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Minor (forms a relatively insignificant part of diet)	Nimmo 2001: 39, 100-102

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Nimmo 2001: 81, 99-100, 102
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Nimmo 2001: 81, 83, 85-98, 102
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Nimmo 2001: 81, 83, 85-98, 102

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Nimmo 2001: 39, 102

• Post Contact History (1965-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Nimmo 1990: 196-197
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Nimmo 1990: 196-197
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Nimmo 1990: 196-197
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Absent (Resident foreign missionaries played no role, or only a minimal role, in the conversion process.)	Nimmo 1990: 196-198

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Nimmo 2001: 218; Nimmo 1990: 196
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Nimmo 2001: 213; Nimmo 1990: 196

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Nimmo 2001: 227
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Nimmo 1965: 227

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Nimmo 2001: 220-221
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	Nimmo 2001: 220
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Nimmo 2001: 221, 227

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Nimmo 2001: 213; Nimmo 1990: 196
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Nimmo 2001: 218; Nimmo 1990: 196