Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Parmentier 1991: 25; Dobbin 2011: 165-188 |
Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Force 1960: 66-75 |
(Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Parmentier 1991: 25 |
Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Force 1960: 66-75 |
Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 270 | Calculator 2014; Gorenflo 1996 |
Distance to nearest continent (km) | 2012 | Calculator 2014 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 134.6 | 2014; Parmentier 1991: 24 |
Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 7.4 | 2014; Parmentier 1991: 24 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | Parmentier 1987: 25 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | 2019 |
Maximum elevation (meters) | 217 | 2019 |
Island Size (km²) | 370 | 2019 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 10000 | Gorenflo 1996 |
Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Parmentier 1987: 67 |
Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Parmentier 1987: 67 |
Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Smith 1983: 145 |
Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Parmentier 1987: 87 |
Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Gorenflo 1996; Parmentier 1987: 55-106 |
Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Parmentier 1987: 55-106 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
(No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.) | Parmentier 1991: 27 |
(No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Parmentier 1991: 26-27 |
(No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Parmentier 1987: 25-54 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Animal husbandry as a source of food | Absent | Force 1960: 28 |
Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Force 1960: 28; Agency 1976: 22, 37-38 |
Land-based gathering | Medium | Force 1960: 28 |
Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Force 1960: 28; Agency 1976: 22, 37-38 |
Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Parmentier 1987: 56-57 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Water-based gathering | Major | Force 1960: 28, 30 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Force 1960: 28, 30; Agency 1976: 19-22, 38 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Force 1960: 28, 30; Agency 1976: 19-22, 38 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Adams and Gibbons (eds.) 1997: 49 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Machiko 2002: 70 |
Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Machiko 2002: 68-70, 73-75, 87-93; Force 1960: 70-71 |
Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Force 1960: 70-71; Shuster 2021; . 2014 |
Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Force 1960: 70-71 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Syncretic religious movements | Present, and survived to the present day | Machiko 2002: 1; . 2014 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Gorenflo 1996: 83; Machiko 2002: 84; Force 1960: 73; . 2014 |
Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Matsumoto 2010: 136; . 2014 |
Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Force 1960: 73; Shuster 2021 |
Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Force 1960: 70-75 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Shuster 2021; . 2014 |
Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Johannes 1981: 4, 71 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | Shuster 2021 |
Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Shuster 2021 |
Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | . 2014 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Force 1960: 70-72; Shuster 2021 |
Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Force 1960: 70-75; Useem 1950: 142 |