Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Baldick 2013: 5; Matsuzawa 1989: 19 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Tan 2003: 192 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Tan 2003: 192 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 305 | Calculator 2014; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 120.9 | 2014; Alvarez 1927 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 22.5 | 2014; Alvarez 1927 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Alvarez 1927 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Copper 2021 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 3952 | Ding et al. 2005: 300 |
| Island Size (km²) | 32260 | Ding et al. 2005: 300 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 20000 | Matsuzawa 1989: 5; Alvarez 1927 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131, 132 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131, 132 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Matsuzawa 1989: 63, 206-207, 214-215 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Matsuzawa 1989: 206 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Matsuzawa 1989 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131; Matsuzawa 1989: 13 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131; Matsuzawa 1989: 12, 13 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Matsuzawa 1989: 13 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131; Matsuzawa 1989: 12, 13 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130; Matsuzawa 1989: 12-14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Absent | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130-131; Chiang 1993: 30-38; Matsuzawa 1989: 12-14 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131; Matsuzawa 1989: 12, 13 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 131; Matsuzawa 1989: 12, 13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Matsuzawa 1989: 13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a bottom-up process. | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130; Matsuzawa 1989: 231 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130; Matsuzawa 1989: 231 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Tan 2003: 190; Matsuzawa 1989: 268 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Tan 2002: 190; Matsuzawa 1989: 268 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Tan 2003: 190; Tan 2002; Matsuzawa 1989: 231-232, 268 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Chen 2006: 3 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Law 2002: 66 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Chiang 1993: 45-54 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 130; Chiang 1993: 44 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | 2014; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | 2014; Agency 2009; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Chiang 1993: 45-54 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Chiang 1993: 45-51 |