Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Beatty 1992: 3-4 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.) | Loeb 1974: 150, 154 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Beatty 1992: 3-5; Loeb 1974: 136 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Beatty 1992: 3-5 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Suzuki 1958: 2; Hummel 2007: 14-15 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 407.4 | Calculator 2014; Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 97.5 | 2014; Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 1.2 | 2014; Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Mohamad et al. 2021 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 866 | Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Island Size (km²) | 5450 | Beatty 1993: 194 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 170000 | Suzuki 1958: 2,6; Crawfurd 1856: 300 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Beatty 1993: 195 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Beatty 1993: 195 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Beatty 1993: 4,6 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Beatty 1993: 196 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Loeb 1974: 141-143; Beatty 1993: 193; Crawfurd 1856: 300 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Hummel 2007: 53-54 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Loeb 1974: 143-144; Beatty 1993: 196 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Beatty 1993: 196 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Loeb 1974: 128, 144-146; Suzuki 1958: 3; Hummel 2007: 58-60 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Loeb 1974: 136 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Loeb 1974: 132-133 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Absent | Hummel 2007: 51 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Loeb 1974: 132-135 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Loeb 1974: 132-135; Hummel 2007: 51 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Loeb 1974: 132; Beatty 1993: 195 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Loeb 1974: 132-135; Hummel 2007: 47-53 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Loeb 1974: 132-135 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Loeb 1974: 132-135 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Loeb 1974: 132-138 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a bottom-up process, although those in power showed little or no reluctance. | Beatty 2012: 306-307 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Beatty 2012 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Beatty 1993: 196 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Beatty 1992: 4 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Beatty 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Van Oven et al. 2011 |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Beatty 1992: 15-17 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Beatty 1993: 194-195 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Beatty 2012: 195 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Beatty 1993: 195 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | 2008 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | 2008 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Beatty 1993: 194-5 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Beatty 1993: 195 |