Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Whiteman 1983: 128-130 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Codrington 1891: 11, 297-298 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 7.1 | Calculator 2014; Codrington 1881: 266-267 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 2000 | Calculator 2014; Codrington 1881: 266-268 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 167.7 | 2014; Codrington 1881 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -13.8 | 2014; Codrington 1881 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Codrington 1881: 266-267 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Codrington 1891: 14-16; 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 10.5 | 2014; Codrington 1881: 266-267 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 1430 | Codrington 1896: v; Samson 2017 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Codrington 1891: 21, 24-25 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Codrington 1891: 24-25 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Codrington 1891: 15, 54-56; Samson 2017 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Codrington 1891: 54-56 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Rare or never | Codrington 1891: 306-308 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Major | Codrington 1891: 57 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Absent | |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Codrington 1891: 319-320 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Codrington 1891: 303, 319-320 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | Codrington 1891 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Codrington 1891: 316 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Codrington 1891: 316 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process, although inroads had already been made with the general population. | Whiteman 1983: 129-137, 136-137 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Whiteman 1983: 129-137, 136-137 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Whiteman 1983: 128 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Absent (Resident foreign missionaries played no role, or only a minimal role, in the conversion process.) | Whiteman 1983: 129-137 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Whiteman 1983: 129-137 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Adams 2021; 2019 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Adams 2021; Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign government systems | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period was the culture subject to a foreign government system.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | Kolshus 1999/ 2005: 131 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Kolshus 1999/ 2005: 131; 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.) | 2014 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | 2019 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Adams 2021; Kolshus 1999/ 2005: 156 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) |