Moriori

• Traditional Culture (1834)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	King 2000: 48-51, 57
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	King 2000: 48-51
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	651.3	Calculator 2014; King 2000: 17
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	2862	Calculator 2014; King 2000: 17

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	-176.5	2014; King 2000: 17, 35
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-43.8	2014; King 2000: 17, 35

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Two	King 2000: 31

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Islands 2018
    Maximum elevation (meters)	287	Islands 2018
    Island Size (km²)	900	Islands 2018

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	2000	King 2000: 31
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	King 2000: 31; Sutton 1980: 85

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Shand 1911: 3; Sutton 1980: 84
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Shand 1911: 3; Sutton 1980: 84-85
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	King 2000: 48-52; Sutton 1980: 84-85

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	King 2000
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Sutton 1980: 80
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Sutton 1980: 80, 83
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	King 2000: 24; Sutton 1980: 80
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Minor (forms a relatively insignificant part of diet)	King 2000: 24, 30-31, 48, 56; Sutton 1980: 83

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	King 2000: 25; Sutton 1980: 80
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Shand 1911: 5-6; King 2000: 24, 56; Sutton 1980: 80
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Shand 1911: 5; King 2000: 24; Sutton 1980: 80

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Sutton 1980: 85

• Post Contact History (1834-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	King 2000: 73
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	King 2000: 73
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	King 2000: 73, 105-106
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	King 2000: 73

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	King 2000: 39-193

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Solomon 2012: 251; King 2000: 31, 49, 53-75, 93-94, 135-186
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)	King 2000: 135, 156
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Moran et al. 2021; Zealand). 2014; King 2000: 109
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Wiltshier 2008: 266; King 2000: 66

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.)	Dana 2003; King 2000: 123
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	King 2000: 89-93, 109, 123, 167-168, 178-179

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Wiltshier 2008: 266
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Dana 2003: 17-19
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Dana 2003: 15

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	King 2000: 53-75, 66
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	King 2000: 53-75, 64-65