Moken

• Traditional Culture (1845)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Anderson 1890: 9, 17-18
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Anderson 1890: 16
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Nowak 1993: 231
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Ivanoff 1992
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Calculator 2014; Nowak 1993: 230
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	0	Calculator 2014; Nowak 1993: 230

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	98.3	Ivanoff 1992; 2014; 2014
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	11.7	Ivanoff 1992; 2014; 2014

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Four or more	Anderson 1890: 8

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Meijaard 2003: 1252
    Island Size (km²)	268	Ivanoff 1992; 2014

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1000	White 1922: 168-198; Anderson 1890: 9
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Nowak 1993: 232
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Nowak 1993: 232
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Anderson 1890: 29; Nowak 1993: 232
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Nowak 1993: 232
    Estimated population of largest political community	99 or fewer	Nowak 1993: 231, 232
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Nowak 1993: 231, 232

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Anderson 1890; Nowak 1993
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Anderson 1890; Nowak 1993
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	White 1922: 57-58; Anderson 1890

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Anderson 1890: 19-20

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Anderson 1890: 3, 6
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Anderson 1890
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Anderson 1890: 6-7; Nowak 1993: 231
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Anderson 1890
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Minor (forms a relatively insignificant part of diet)	Anderson 1890; Nowak 1993: 231

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	White 1922: 111-110; Anderson 1890: 6, 7; Nowak 1993: 231
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	White 1922: 110-111; Nowak 1993: 231
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	White 1922: 110-111; Nowak 1993: 231

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Principal	Anderson 1890; Nowak 1993: 231

• Post Contact History (1845-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Maudy 2013; Falk 2013: 44, 45
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and major (At one time or another during the post-contact period more than 25% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)	Maudy 2013; Falk 2013: 44
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Falk 2013: 45; Anderson 1890: 17-18

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, and survived to the present day

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)
    Foreign education systems	Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.)	Hodal 2012
    Foreign government systems	Present, but of low importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period, the culture was subject to a foreign government system, but this government system never controlled most important decisions.)	Hodal 2012; Acord 2009

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Hodal 2012
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Hodal 2012; Nowak 1993: 231

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Hodal 2012; Agency 2009: 156

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.)	Hodal 2012