Lakalai

• Traditional Culture (1911)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Friedlaender et al. 2007: 1; Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Valentine 1965: 184-188
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Jebens 2010: 24-25
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Chowning 1965: 413
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1024	Calculator 2014; Chowning 1966: 3

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	150.4	2014; Chowning 1966
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-5.4	2014; Chowning 1966

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Chowning 1966: 3

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Woodhead et al. 1998: 1643
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2440	Coates 2001: 8
    Island Size (km²)	36600	Coates 2001: 8

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Chowning 1991: 141
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Chowning 1991: 141
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Chowning 1991: 141
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Chowning 1991: 141
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Iroquois	Chowning 1991: 141
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Chowning 1965
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Chowning 1965

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.)	Chowning 1965
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Chowning 1965
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Chowning 1965

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Chowning 1965: 415, 441
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Goodenough 1955: 24; Chowning 1965: 415
    Land-based gathering	Major	Chowning 1965: 415
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Goodenough 1955: 24; Chowning 1965: 415, 441, 442-443
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Chowning 1965: 415

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Chowning 1965: 415
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Chowning 1965: 415, 441, 442
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Chowning 1965: 415, 434

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Goodenough 1955: 24; Chowning 1978: 298

• Post Contact History (1911-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Chowning 1966: 4-5; Jebens 2010: 5; Valentine 1961: 11
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Chowning 1966: 5; Valentine 1961: 11
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Jebens 2010: 5

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, but did not survive to the present-day	Jebens 2004: 121-127

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Chowning 1997
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Chowning 1966: 5
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Chowning 1966: 4-5

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Jebens 2010: 3-4
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Chowning 1997: 92; Jebens 2010: 3-4

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Jebens 2010: 3-4
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Kinch 2009: 69
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Britain 2020

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Chowning 1966: 4-5
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)	Chowning 1966: 4-5; Jenks 1905: 5; Jebens 2010: 129