Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Burt 1994: 85-87, 104 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Burt 1994: 24, 88 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Burt 1994: 15 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1801 | Calculator 2014; Burt 1994: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 160.8 | 2014; Burt 1994: 15 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -8.7 | 2014; Burt 1994: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Burt 1994: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | 2019 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 1438 | 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 4200 | Moore 2007: 214 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 8000 | Burt 1994: 16, 24; Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Keesing 1991: 161 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Burt 1994: 26-27; Keesing 1991: 161 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Keesing 1991: 162 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Keesing 1991: 161-162 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Iroquois | Keesing 1991: 162 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 99 or fewer | Burt 1994: 66-69 |
| Political Authority | Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household | Burt 1994: 67-69, 74-76 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Burt 1994: 44-49 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Burt 1994: 44-49 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Burt 1994: 21-139 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Burt 1994: 98 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Burt 1994: 23 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Burt 1994: 23-24 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Burt 1994: 23-24 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Burt 1994: 23-24 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Burt 1994: 23 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Burt 1994: 24 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Burt 1994: 23-24 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Burt 1994: 23-24 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Major | Burt 1994: 24 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Burt 1994: 111 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Burt 1994: 12 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Burt 1994: 119 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Present, but did not survive to the present-day | Burt 1994: 183-185 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Burt 1994: 206, 240 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Burt 1994: 171 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Burt 1994: 171 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Burt 1994: 111 |