Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Macdonald 1982: 16 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Macdonald 1982: 3, 10-11 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 307.4 | Calculator 2014; Grimble (eds.) 1989: xviii |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 3508 | Calculator 2014; Grimble (eds.) 1989: xviii |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 174.7 | 2014; Macdonald 1982: 6 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -1.2 | 2014; Macdonald 1982: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | Grimble (eds.) 1989: xviii |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi) | Bedford et al. 1980 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 5 | Bedford et al. 1980 |
| Island Size (km²) | 39 | Bedford et al. 1980 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 34000 | Macdonald 1982: 6, 10, 94 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lambert 1991: 122 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lambert 1991: 122 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Macdonald 1982: 8 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Lambert 1991: 122 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Lambert 1991: 122 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Macdonald 1982: 6-9 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Macdonald 1982: 6-9; Grimble (eds.) 1989: 151-155 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Macdonald 1982: 8-10 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Bedford et al. 1980 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Macdonald 1982: 1-13; Koch 1986: 245 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Koch 1986: 70-73 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Koch 1986: 1-73 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Koch 1986: 1-73 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Koch 1986: 1-73 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Macdonald 1982: 3-4; Koch 1986: 1, 52-69 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | Macdonald 1982: 4 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Macdonald 1982: 4; Koch 1986: 10-52 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Macdonald 1982: 4; Koch 1986: 10-52 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Absent | Macdonald 1982: 1-73 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process. | Macdonald 1982: 31-53 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Macdonald 1982: 31-53 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Macdonald 1982: 31-53 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Present, but did not survive to the present-day | Maude 1981: 312, 315 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.) | |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) | Macdonald 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Macdonald 1982: 70, 75-93, 126-129, 142, 141-148, 151-156,; Macdonald 2012 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Macdonald 1982: 68, 114, 141-166 |