Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Talla 1979: 266-300; Janowski 1991: 28-29 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Talla 1979: 266-300 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Janowski 1991: 28 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Talla 1979: 17-18, 266-300 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Ethnologue 2014; Janowski 2003: 5 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1046 | Calculator 2014; Ethnologue 2014 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 115.5 | 2014; Janowski 2003: Map 1 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 3.7 | 2014; Janowski 2003: Map 1 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Ethnologue 2014; Janowski 2003: 5 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Quek 2009: 112 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4095 | Quek 2009: 112 |
| Island Size (km²) | 740000 | Quek 2009: 111 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 1734 | Talla 1979: 9-10; Janowski 1991: 14-16 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Talla 1979: 146; Strouthes 1993: 193 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Talla 1979: 146; Strouthes 1993: 193 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Strouthes 1993: 193 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 161 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Talla 1979: 7, 88; Janowski 1991: 206-207 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Janowski 1991: 203-207 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Janowski 2003: 15-28 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Janowski 2003: 55 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Janowski 1991: 28-34 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Janowski 2003: 38 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Janowski 2003: 38-39 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Janowski 2003: 9, 36 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Janowski 2003: 38-39 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Talla 1979: 301 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Janowski 2003: 39 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Janowski 2003: 39 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160; Janowski 2003: 39 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1972: 160 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Talla 1979: 429-430, 458-469 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Janowski 2003: 8 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Talla 1979: 458-464 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Talla 1979: 429-430, 458-490; Janowski 2003: 8-9 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.) | Amster 2006: 219-220 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Janowski 2003: 8 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Bala 2007: 122 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Janowski 2003: 5; Ewart 2012: 70-71 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Janowski 2003: 22; Amster 2006: 208 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Janowski 2003: 22; Ewart 2012: 70 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | Ewart 2012: 69 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Amster 2006: 208 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Janowski 2003: 5; Ewart 2012: 70-71 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.) | Ewart 2012: 70-71 |