Kedang

• Traditional Culture (1909)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Barnes 1974: 2-3
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 109; Barnes 1974: 103-124, 158-217, 174
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Barnes 1974: 2-3, 10-12
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Barnes 1974: 2-3, 103-224
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Barnes 1993: 131
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	677	Calculator 2014; Barnes 2001: 272-273

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	123.8	2014; Barnes 1974: 8
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.2	2014; Barnes 1974: 8

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	1998; Barnes 2001: 272-273

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Audley-Charles 1986: 243
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1644	1998
    Island Size (km²)	1292	1998

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	11000	Barnes 1974: 19
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Barnes 1993: 132
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Barnes 1993: 132
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Barnes 1993: 132
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Barnes 1993: 132
    Estimated population of largest political community	10,000-99,999	Barnes 1974: 10-12, 19
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Barnes 1974: 10-12

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Barnes 1974: 89-102
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Occasional, at least every generation	Barnes 1974: 4-13
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Barnes 1974: 4-13

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Barnes 1993: 131

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Barnes 1974: 16-17
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Barnes 1974: 17
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Barnes 1974: 16
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Barnes 1974: 17
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Barnes 1974: 16

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Barnes 1974: 16-17
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Barnes 1974: 16-17
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Barnes 1974: 16-17

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Barnes 1974: 11-12, 16-17

• Post Contact History (1909-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Barnes 1974: 10
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Barnes 1993: 131
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Barnes 1974: ix, 10

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Barnes 1974: 10

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Barnes 1974: 9; Barnes 1993: 132

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Oxfam nd: 9
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Barnes 1974: 11-12

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 158-162

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Barnes 1993: 131
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Barnes 1993: 131