Kayan

• Traditional Culture (1899)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Rousseau 1998: 18
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Rousseau 1998
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169, 170; Hose and McDougall 1912: 151-157
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Hose and McDougall 1993: 13
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Rousseau 1974: 13
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	991	Calculator 2014; Rousseau 1974: 13

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	115.1	2014; Rousseau 1974: 13
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	2.1	2014; Rousseau 1974: 13

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Kayan 2019

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Quek 2009: 112
    Maximum elevation (meters)	4095	Quek 2009: 112
    Island Size (km²)	740000	Quek 2009: 111

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	10000	Rousseau 1974: 33-34, 93-94
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Rousseau 1998: 15, 17
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Rousseau 1998: 15, 17
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny	Hose and McDougall 1912: 73
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin	Strouthes 1993: 134
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Eskimo	Strouthes 1993: 134
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 171; Hose and McDougall 1912: 39-40
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Rousseau 1974: 182, 364-365

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Hose and McDougall 1912: 158-159
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Hose and McDougall 1912: 158-159
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Rousseau 1974: 81-83; Hose and McDougall 1912: 158-159

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Present	Hose and McDougall 1912: 193-194

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 170; Rousseau 1998: 14
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Rousseau 1998: 14; Hose and McDougall 1912: 143-144
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Hose and McDougall 1912: 149-157
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Rousseau 1998: 14; Hose and McDougall 1912: 143-144
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Hose and McDougall 1912: 97

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Hose and McDougall 1912: 131-142, 138-139
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Hose and McDougall 1912: 131, 134-142
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Hose and McDougall 1912: 131, 134-142

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 170, 173; Hose and McDougall 1912: 97-157

• Post Contact History (1899-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Rousseau 1998: 25-30
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Kayan 2019; Rousseau 1998: 25-30
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Rousseau 1998: 25-30

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, and survived to the present day	Rousseau 1998: 22-25; Winzeler 2008: 51-52

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Okushima 2006
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Okushima 2006: 94

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)	Kayan 2019
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Eghenter 1999: 12-13; Hose and McDougall 1993: 270-271

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)	Eghenter 1999: 12; Kayan 2019
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Eghenter 1999: 12
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Eghenter 1999: 12

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 169; Okushima 2006: 94; Rousseau 1998: 19-20
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Hose and McDougall 1993: 260-261