Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Emory 1965: 12-19, 13, 17, 199-340 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Occasional but not often (e.g. once in a generation) | Emory 1965: 12-19, 51-56 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 302.4 | Calculator 2014; Emory 1965: 2 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1880 | Calculator 2014; Emory 1965: 2 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 154.8 | 2014; Emory 1965: 1 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 1 | 2014; Emory 1965: 1 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Emory 1965: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi) | Emory 1965: 1 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 5 | Buden 1998: 252 |
| Island Size (km²) | 1.04 | Emory 1965: 66 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 300 | Emory 1965: 64, 66 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Lieber 1991: 109 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lieber 1991: 109 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Lieber 1991: 109 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin | Lieber 1991: 109 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Lieber 1991: 109 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Emory 1965: 64, 66, 80, 94 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Emory 1965: 80, 94 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Emory 1965: 182 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Rare or never | Buck 1950: 279; Emory 1965: 12-63 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Emory 1965: 12-63 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Buck 1928: 7-49, 48; Emory 1965: 11 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Buck 1950: 7-49, 48; Emory 1965: 10-11 |
| Land-based gathering | Minor | Buck 1950: 7-49, 48; Emory 1965: 6-9 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Buck 1950: 7-49, 48; Emory 1965: 10-11 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Buck 1950: 7-8, 17; Emory 1965: 6-9 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | Buck 1950: 48-49 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Buck 1950: 48; Emory 1965: 142-143 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Buck 1950: 48; Emory 1965: 143 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Emory 1965: 119-142, 127, 138-139, 141 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | Lieber 1977: 35-36; Emory 1965: 43 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Lieber 1977: 35-36 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Lieber 1977: 35-36 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.) | Lieber 1977: 35-36 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Lieber 1977: 25-26; Emory 1965: 104-106 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Lieber 1977: 35-48; Emory 1965: 12-27 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Lieber 1977: 44-45 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Lieber 1977: 42-43, 45-46 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Lieber 1977: 42, 44-45 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.) | 2014 |
| Air travel | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.) | 2014 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | 2014; Agency 2009: 178 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Lieber 1977: 35-48, 42-43, 44 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Lieber 1977: 35-48, 47 |